"Cadolzburg" was first mentioned in a document in 1157. In the mid-13th century the area around Cadolzbug was acquired by the burgraves of Nuremberg from the house of Hohenzollern, who were known in the Middle Ages simply as the Zollern. They originally came from Swabia, but after they were appointed burgraves of Nuremberg by the emperor in 1191/92, their centre of power shifted to Franconia.

When in the 14th century the Zollerns increasingly came into conflict with the citizens of the Imperial City of Nuremberg, they moved their seat of government to the nearby castle of Cadolzburg. In 1415 King Sigismund then appointed Burgrave Friedrich VI Elector of the Mark Brandenburg. From this time on the Zollerns were included among the seven rulers entitled to elect kings, and occupied an eminent position in the Old Empire, from which they eventually rose to become kings of Prussia in 1701 and emperors of the German Empire in 1871. This was how for a long time in the Late Middle Ages Berlin came to be governed from Cadolzburg and Ansbach.

https://www.burg-cadolzburg.de

Cadolzburg Castle

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Cadolzburg (outdated also Kadolzburg, colloquially pronounced "Kalschbuʳch" or "Sporch" ) is a municipality in the Middle Frankonian district of Fürth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 11 km (6.8 mi) west of Fürth. Its name derives from its central castle, first being mentioned in the year 1157.

History

Middle Ages

The place was first mentioned in 1157 when the reeve of Kadolzburg, Helmericus de Kadoldesburc, agreed on a territorial exchange between the diocese of Würzburg the Heilsbronn Abbey. So the name derives from Burg des Kadold meaning "Kadold's castle". If the castle had been built by Duke Kadold, who in the year 793 founded the Herrieden Abbey, it would be an early medieval citadel from the 8th century. More likely, however, seems that it was erected by the allodium of the Abenbergers. The earliest erected parts surviving until today were built around 1250 under the rule of the Hohenzollern, Conrad I. the Burgraves of Nuremberg and his son Fredrick III., as they took residence there. In the year 1397 Fredrick VI. was given all the land "under the mountains" (untergebirgisch) including the residence of Cadolzburg, but merely 20 years later he was gifted the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the title Elector of Brandenburg, his dynasty would later on become Emperors of Germany. Under the reign of his son Albrecht Achilles of Brandenburg Cadolzburg was used as a residence for hunting. In the 14th century the spelling "Cadelspurgk" became common and appeared in various documents form the free imperial city of Nuremberg. It formed part of the Margraviate of Ansbach and thus was part of the Franconian Circle since 1500.

Modern Times

In the late 18th century there were about 120 households in Cadolzburg. The jurisdiction and municipal power were possessed by the brandenburg-ansbach Office Cadolzburg. The landowner was the Kastenamt Cadolzburg, consistent of the castle, a brewhouse, 2 smitheries, one bakery, 2 pubs, 105 houses, 2 halffarms, 1 brick production, and the parish of Cadolzburg (possessing two farms).

In the municipality edict of 1808 the tax district of Cadolzburg was established, the Municipaldistrict of Cadolzburg followed suit in 1810, being superimposable with the tax district. They were subjects in administration and jurisdiction to the Landgericht Cadolzburg and in financial administration to the Rentamt Cadolzburg (restyled Finanzamt Cadolzburg in 1920). It was classified as a Markt with a Magistrate of third class in 1818. Since 1862 Cadolzburg was administrated by the Bezirksamt Fürth (restyled Landkreis Fürth in 1938), but the jurisdiction was left to the Landgericht Cadolzburg until 1879, from 1880 to the first of March 1931 it was given to the Amtsgericht Cadolzburg and since then, the Amtsgericht Fürth is the ordinary court. The financial administration was taken over by the Finanzamt Fürth on 1 January 1929. In 1961 the municipality had an extension of 4,486 km².

Incorporations into the municipality

First of January 1972 most parts of the municipality of Deberndorf and on July first the former Municipality of Roßendorf were incorporated into Cadolzburg. 1. May 1978 Steinbach and the district of Seckendorf of the dissolved Municipality of Horbach followed.

In the year 2007 Cadolzburg celebrated its 850th anniversary.

The Faberschloss , also Steiner Schloss , Schloss Faber-Castell , sometimes also called pencil lock, is a historicist castle complex from the 19th or early 20th century and consists of two parts.

The castle is located in the Middle Franconian town of Stein on the border with Nuremberg . The associated Faberpark belongs to Nuremberg.

history
Between 1843 and 1846 the so-called Old Palace was planned and built by the architect Friedrich Bürklein in the neo-renaissance style for Lothar von Faber . Three wings enclose the square, four-story tower, the roof of which is provided with battlements. The von Faber-Castell family, who became rich through pencil production by their company Faber-Castell , had the New Palace built in 1903/1906 according to plans by Theodor von Kramer in the German Romanesque style. Both parts are connected by the richly structured, five-story tower. 

Some of the representative rooms were created by the then up-and-coming architect and designer Bruno Paul . The old and the new palace were connected by the five-story tower through which the gateway leads.

The New Palace houses a spacious staircase, above which there is a stucco ceiling in Art Nouveau decor. The first floor used to be a living suite, which is divided into a lemon room, a monthly room and a Louis-seize room. The lemon room takes its name from the furniture in it, which was made of lemon wood, and the ceiling of the month room shows the signs of the zodiac . On the second floor there is a tapestry hall, the tapestries of which are unfortunately no longer there, a music or ballroom and a former dining room. The furniture in the two castles has been lost. Regardless of this, the castle is “an artistic specialty and, in its overall layout, a remarkable example of theHistoricism in Franconia ". 

The Faber-Castell family lived in the castle until 1939, after which it was confiscated by the Wehrmacht. After the end of the Second World War , American occupation troops moved in. Journalists who observed the Nuremberg trials lived here until the early 1950s .  AFN Nuremberg maintained its studios here until it moved to the Grand Hotel in January 1950.  The Nuremberg Albrecht Dürer Society organized the exhibitions Ars phantastica and several positions + tendencies in the Dürer year 1971 . After decades of neglect, the facility has been used for events again since the 1980s. It was the location of the filmsHanni & Nanni  and help, I've shrunk my teacher (exterior shots).

The Appelhof and Wolfgangshof estates are still owned by the Counts of Faber-Castell .

https://second.wiki/wiki/faberschloss

Faberschloss

Schloss Neunhof ist ein ehemaliger Herrensitz am Südrand des gleichnamigen Dorfes Neunhof, das heute ein Stadtteil von Nürnberg ist.

Es handelt sich um den kulturhistorisch wertvollen Idealtypus eines Weiherhauses aus der Zeit um 1500, der später nur geringfügig verändert wurde und dessen Originalausstattung erhalten blieb. Der umgebende Barockpark wurde 1964 und 1978/79 rekonstruiert. Das Schloss ist noch immer in Privatbesitz, doch beherbergt es seit 1959 eine Zweigstelle des Germanischen Nationalmuseums (originales Schlossinventar und Jagdsammlung). Zugänglich für die Öffentlichkeit sind das Erdgeschoss mit der Küche, das erste und zweite Obergeschoss sowie von den Nebengebäuden der Pferdestall.

Wegen Sanierungsarbeiten ist das Schloss seit 2013 geschlossen.

Geschichte

Neunhof wird 1246 erstmals erwähnt, als Heinricus de Nova Curia (der sich somit nach dem Ort benannte, was aber noch keinen befestigten Sitz voraussetzt) mit seiner Frau Mechthild von Braunsbach eine Wiese bei Neunhof dem Vorgänger des Nürnberger Klarissenklosters stiftete. Weitere Urkunden ab 1258 lassen eine diverse Lehen- und Eigenherrschaften erkennen, wobei vor allem die Hohenlohe-Brauneck als Erben der Reichsministerialen von Gründlach eine wichtige Rolle spielten. Ab der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts erscheinen auch die Ritter Kreß (später Kreß von Kressenstein) erstmals als Besitzer einzelner Höfe und Güter, die seit etwa 1300 den benachbarten Herrensitz Kressenstein in Kraftshof besaßen.

Im Ersten Markgrafenkrieg 1449 wurde der an dieser Stelle stehende Hof stark in Mitleidenschaft gezogen. Das heutige Gebäude wurde um 1479 durch Hans Kreß neu errichtet und mit einem Wassergraben versehen. Das Fachwerk ist nach Methoden der Dendrochronologie auf das Jahr 1479 datiert. Der Herrensitz erhielt zu dieser Zeit sein heutiges Aussehen; er entspricht dem Bautypus des Nürnberger Weiherhauses mit massiven Unter- und Obergeschossen aus Fachwerk. Hans Kreß verpflichtete sich 1482, seine Behausung zu Neunhof (die er mit Genehmigung des Nürnberger Rates „aufgericht und gepawen“ habe) der Reichsstadt zu „öffnen“, d. h. im Kriegsfall zur Verfügung zu stellen, und sie außerdem nur an Nürnberger Bürger zu verkaufen.

Nach dem Tod des Hans Kreß im Jahre 1500 verkaufte die kinderlose Witwe Neunhof 1503 für 800 Gulden an den reichen Nürnberger Kaufmann Georg Fütterer, der ein neues Dach mit Giebel und der Jahreszahl 1508 aufsetzen ließ. Laut Kaufurkunde gehörten ein Brauhaus neben einem Schöpfbrunnen, Wirtschaftsgebäude und ein Garten dazu. Der aus dem Handwerkerstand stammenden Familie Fütterer war es im Laufe des 15. Jahrhunderts gelungen, über Finanzgeschäfte und das Verlagswesen zu erheblichem Wohlstand zu kommen. Der Erwerb eines „standesgemäßen“ Sitzes sollte vermutlich den weiteren sozialen Aufstieg erleichtern. Tatsächlich wurde Georg Fütterer 1504 als Junger Bürgermeister in den Kleinen Rat aufgenommen, 1521 glückte der Familie die Aufnahme ins Nürnberger Patriziat, als übrigens einziger ehemaliger Handwerkerfamilie überhaupt.

Aus einem Beschwerdebrief des Markgrafen aus dem Jahr 1507 geht hervor, dass Georg Fütterer die Befestigungen nach dem Erwerb erheblich ausgebaut hatte. Als daraufhin eine Nürnberger Kommission den Sitz besichtigte, hielt sie in ihrem Bericht fest, dass derselbe zum Zeitpunkt des Erwerbs nur unzureichend durch einen „schlechten liechtzaun“ (einfache Palisaden) und durch ein „kleines gräblein“ gegen die Waldseite gesichert war. Fütterer hatte daher begonnen, „ein mauern zu bauen gerings umb das Burghauß“ und einen Zwinger anzulegen, nach Aussagen des Eigentümers aber „nit zu seiner sonder bevestigung, sonders dem hauß und keller zu gut ... und damit er zu Zeiten auch Fisch drein thuen mög“. Nach einem weiteren Beschwerdebrief des Markgrafen von 1526 soll Fütterer den Sitz „mit einem Steinernen Fuß von Quaterstücken bei 30 schue hoch und 25 über zwerch“ errichtet, „darauf zwei stockwerck stehen gebaut und aufgericht“ haben, „hat auch gute schießlöcher darein gemacht und einen gefütterten graben darum gemacht“. Diese vielleicht nur aus der Ferne geschätzten Maßangaben lassen sich aber mit dem bestehenden Bau nicht in Übereinstimmung bringen. Freitag-Stadler führte die für Neunhof so charakteristischen beiden Zwerchgiebel auf Georg Fütterer zurück, worauf auch die (wohl nicht ursprüngliche) Jahreszahl 1508 in einem der Fachwerkgiebel hinzuweisen scheint. Allerdings datieren dendrochronologische Untersuchungen das Fachwerk zumindest in Teilen auf den Bau von Hans Kreß aus dem Jahr 1479.

Nach Fütterers Tod wurde die Anlage durch die Witwe an die Brüder Thomas und Pankraz Reich für 900 Gulden veräußert. Nachdem die Wirtschaftsgebäude des Schlosses 1552 erneut beschädigt wurden und Pankraz starb, verkaufte Thomas Reich das Schloss 1557 für 1050 Gulden an Hans Gutteter. Schon 1594 wurde der Besitz erneut nach ausgiebiger Renovierung für 3500 Gulden veräußert. Die neue Besitzerfamilie Koler von Neunhof führte die Renovierung fort. Durch die Ehe der Susanna Koler 1615 mit Johann Wilhelm Kreß von Kressenstein kam der Besitz wieder an die Kreßen.

Im Dreißigjährigen Krieg wurden die Wirtschaftsgebäude 1632 und 1634 verwüstet, das Schloss aber verschont. 1736 renovierte Johann Adam Kreß die Anlage und ließ neue Fenster durchbrechen. Zu dieser Zeit entstand auch die barocke Hauskapelle im zweiten Obergeschoss, die Schrankorgel, der symmetrisch angelegte Barockgarten mit dem Pavillon von Conrad Schön (1740). Die Witwe des 1856 verstorbenen Christoph Wilhelm Karl Kreß von Kressenstein, Anna Helena Katharina von Holzschuher, vererbte Neunhof ihren Nachkommen.

1961 mietete das Germanische Nationalmuseum das Schlossgut von der Erbengemeinschaft an, nachdem der damalige Generaldirektor, Ludwig Grote, angeregt hatte, die völlig verwahrloste Anlage wieder herzurichten. Nach einer erhaltenen Grundrisszeichnung aus der Zeit kurz nach 1740 entwickelte der Gartenbaudirektor Theo Friedrich 1962 einen Plan für die Neugestaltung des Barockgartens, um so die einstmals hoch entwickelte Nürnberger Gartenkultur wiederzubeleben. Auf 550 Quadratmetern Fläche entstanden 13 Buchs-Arabesken, deren Eckpunkte durch Sandsteinpodeste und darauf gestellte Kübel mit geschnittenen Buchs-Kegeln akzentuiert sind. 1977 genehmigte der Stadtrat die Planung des großen Schlossgartens, dessen Anlage 1978/79 erfolgte. Es wurde ein Wegeraster mit 5 Rasenkarrees angelegt, in deren Zentrum wieder der oktogonale Sandstein-Pavillon von 1740 steht. Die Rasenstücke wurden von Hecken umsäumt, kastenförmig geschnittene Platanen bildeten Baumreihen. Baumwände sollen den Garten gegen die umgebende Landschaft absetzen und so ein wesentliches Merkmal der Barockgärten wieder in Bewusstsein rufen. Das Musterbeispiel eines Alt-Nürnberger Weiherhauses, das wie durch ein Wunder jeglichen Kriegszerstörungen und entstellenden Umbauten entgangen ist und zudem seine originale reiche Innenausstattung eines Patriziersitzes aus dem 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert behalten hat, wurde als Schloss- und Jagdmuseum sowie Zweigstelle des Germanischen Nationalmuseums der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht und vorbildlich gepflegt.

2013 wurde die Anlage jedoch wegen notwendiger Restaurierung des Gebäudes geschlossen und kann seither nicht mehr besucht werden, im Jahr 2020 ist sie noch immer gesperrt; das Äußere des Schlosses macht einen sanierten Eindruck, über Fortschritt oder Stillstand der Innensanierung ist nichts bekannt. Der Park ist zugänglich und wird durch die Stadt Nürnberg gepflegt.

Schloss Neunhof

Nuremberg Castle (German: Nürnberger Burg) is a group of medieval fortified buildings on a sandstone ridge dominating the historical center of Nuremberg in Bavaria, Germany.

The castle, together with the city walls, is considered to be one of Europe's most formidable medieval fortifications. It represented the power and importance of the Holy Roman Empire and the outstanding role of the Imperial City of Nuremberg.

Imperial Castle

The usual access to the castle is via Burgstrasse ending in front of the sandstone ridge. A wide footpath leads into the outer courtyard through the Heavenly Gate (Himmelstor) situated next to the Hasenburg tower (named after the Bohemian Hasenburg family).

The Sinwell Tower built in the 2nd half of the 13th century was the major keep of the Castle. It is named after its cylindrical form: in Middle High German sinwell means perfectly round. In the 1560s, its height was increased by a further floor and a pavilion roof with a pointed helm.

The Imperial Chapel (Kaiserkapelle), from an architectural point of view, is the most important building on the castle rock. It was built around 1200, at the same time as the original Palas. It is a romanesque double chapel consisting of two chapels one above the other and connected only through an opening in the ceiling, thus representing the hierarchical levels in the medieval society.

The Heathens' Tower (Heidenturm) stands next to the Imperial Chapel. It was built at the same time as the Chapel. When the Castle was restored for the visit of Emperor Charles V, heathen idols and pictures on the tower were removed, meaning romanesque sculptures, and thus the tower's name in colloquial parlance subsists until today.

The Kemenate (Ladies' Building) originally was built during the Hohenstaufen period, but later replaced by a large four storeyed building. The present building was burned down in 1945 and later reconstructed. At present, it houses the ticket office, the small museum shop and a multimedia show about the building history of the Imperial Castle.

Burgraves' Castle
The Burgraves' Castle was situated on the area between the Sinwell Tower and the Luginsland, but after its destruction in 1420 and the purchase of its remains by the city, very little is left.

The Pentagonal Tower standing above the northern rock face is among the oldest buildings on the castle rock. It was the keep of the Burgraves' Castle. Its lower part made of ashlars may have been built at the same time as the Imperial Chapel. During later gothic times, a storey of brickwork was added.

The Walburga Chapel appears to have been built shortly thereafter. It was originally dedicated to Saint Othmar, but after the city purchased the ruins of Burgraves' Castle, it was rebuilt and dedicated to Saint Walpurga. Destroyed in World War II, it was reconstructed and opened to the public in 1970.
The Deep Well (Tiefer Brunnen) inside the small half-timbered house in the middle of the courtyard is certainly as old as the castle itself, as it was the castle's only source of water. Its shaft reaches the water level in a depth of 50 meters (164 feet) and the water usually is 3 m (10 ft) deep. Above the water level, a niche was cut out of the rock for cleaning purposes. The lower stone walls of the building date from 1563. The little annex built in the following year was used as bathroom and changing room. The Deep Well provided sufficient quantities of water for normal consumption, but during Imperial Diets and visits by the Emperor, water barrels had to be transported on wagons from the city.

The Castellan's House (Kastellansgebäude), the Secretarial Building (Sekretariatsgebäude) and the Finance Building (Finanzstadel) as well as the post-medieval Himmelsstallung are further buildings in the outer court, to a large extent reconstructed after World War II.

The Inner Gate (Inneres Tor) leads to the Inner Courtyard (Innerer Burghof), surrounded by the Palas, the Imperial Chapel and the Kemenate. In the courtyard, remains of foundations of the Salian Period may be seen. In the middle, there is the Kunigunde Lime Tree planted in 1984, replacing older trees first mentioned in 1455 and named after Saint Cunigunde, consort of Emperor Henry II (Saint Henry).

The Palas, the main building of the Imperial Castle, has two floors which were used for official functions and as the Emperors residence. It was rebuilt and modified a number of times during the castle's history. It now houses the permanent exhibition »Emperor – Empire – City. The Imperial Castle in Nuremberg«.

Buildings erected by the Imperial City

The Luginsland (literally look into the land) was built in 1377 near the main gate of the Burgraves' castle, in order to enable the city to monitor the activities inside the Burgraves' Castle, at a time when the relations between the city and the Burgraves had already deteriorated.

The Vestner Gate was the only exit from the castle to the north, at that time an open land.

The Imperial Stables were built as a granary in 1494 to 1495 by Hans Beheim the Elder, Nuremberg's most important architect at that time. The ground floor was also used as stables. Severely damaged in World War II, it was renovated and is now a Youth Hostel.

The Bastions were built in 1538 to 1545 in response to the progress in artillery which threatened the northern side of the castle. At about the same time, the fortifications of the city of Nuremberg as a whole were renewed and extended.

History

Pre-Salian and Salian period

Archeological excavations within the castle unearthed remnants of walls dated around 1000, and in deeper strata even older ones that may be attributed to a building of Henry of Schweinfurt.

The first written record is of 1050, when Henry III issued the so-called Sigena document in Norenberc releasing a bondswoman. His father Conrad II, on voyages from Regensburg (Ratisbon) to Bamberg in 1025 and 1030, still had issued documents in Megelendorf, a small village some 4 km further to the east where the river Pegnitz could be crossed by a ford (presently Mögeldorf, a district of Nuremberg). In the customary way, these documents indicate the place and date of their issuance, but do not contain any reference to the type of the place (e.g. castle, village etc.).

Henry III used the castle in his campaigns to extend his rule over Bohemia, Poland and Hungary. Henry IV, who had been the opponent of Pope Gregory VII in the Investiture Controversy, at the end of his reign, in 1105, had to endure that in his absence, after a siege lasting two months, the castle was taken by his son Henry V and that at the end of the same year he was forced by his son to abdicate.

Upon the death of Henry V in 1125, the last member of the Salian dynasty, his elected successor Lothair of Supplinburg attempted to seize the crown lands from the Hohenstaufen Frederick II, Duke of Swabia and his brother Conrad who considered all these lands, including Nuremberg Castle, to be part of the Salian family property inherited by them. After several sieges, Lothair succeeded in October 1130 in capturing the castle.

Hohenstaufen period

Upon Lothair's death in 1137, the Hohenstaufen Conrad was elected King Conrad III in the subsequent year and soon afterwards started to build a new Imperial Castle which appears to have been completed unter his reign. The new buildings comprised the Palas, the Imperial Chapel and the Heathens' Tower.

At about the same time, Conrad established the Burgraviate in order to ensure the safety of the castle in the absence of the king. Thus, the first burgraves from the Austrian House of Raabs built the Burgraves' Castle next to the Imperial Castle and were granted a substantial landholding in the vicinity.

Frederick I (Barbarossa) used the castle for a number of Diets and receptions, e.g. of a legation from the Eastern Roman Empire in 1156, but according to recent research, he did not contribute to the building of the Palace.

Henry VI apparently was engaged in various building activities related to the Palas, the Imperial Chapel and adjacent buildings.

After the last count of Raabs had died, his son-in-law Frederick of Zollern, in 1192, was granted the Burgraviate by Emperor Henry VI. The Zollerns, soon renamed Hohenzollern, held it until the Burgraves' Castle was destroyed and afterwards its ruins sold to the city of Nuremberg in 1427 (the Hohenzollerns, however, continued to administer their landholdings outside of Nuremberg).

Frederick II, on the occasion of his first diet at the Imperial Castle in 1219, granted the Great Letter of Freedom (Großer Freiheitsbrief) to the city, including town rights, Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit), the privilege to mint coins, and an independent customs policy, making the city an Imperial Free City subject only to the Emperor. Frederick II also transferred various responsibilities for the care of the Imperial Castle to the city. This was the starting point not only of a remarkable development of the city, but also of a long dispute between the city and the Burgraves.

Frederick II stayed at the castle at least 16 times, and his son King Henry (VII) of Germany as many as 21 times. In 1224, on the first diet of thirteen year old King Henry (VII), Walther von der Vogelweide was on the guest list, and in 1225, Henry (VII) was married at the castle to Margaret of Babenberg, daughter of Duke Leopold VI of Austria.

Frederick II made his last visit to Germany in 1236 and returned to Italy in 1237 for the remaining thirteen years of his life, leaving the German affairs to his son Conrad IV.


Nurnberger Burg

Nuremberg Castle (German: Nürnberger Burg) is a group of medieval fortified buildings on a sandstone ridge dominating the historical center of Nuremberg in Bavaria, Germany.

The castle, together with the city walls, is considered to be one of Europe's most formidable medieval fortifications. It represented the power and importance of the Holy Roman Empire and the outstanding role of the Imperial City of Nuremberg.

In the Middle Ages, German kings (respectively Holy Roman Emperors after their coronation by the Pope) did not have a capital, but voyaged from one of their castles (Kaiserpfalz or Imperial castle) to the next. Thus, the castle at Nürnberg became an important imperial castle, and in the following centuries, all German kings and emperors stayed at the castle, most of whom on several occasions.

Nuremberg Castle comprises three sections: the Imperial castle (Kaiserburg), the former Burgraves' castle (Burggrafenburg), and the buildings erected by the Imperial City at the eastern site (Reichsstädtische Bauten).

The first fortified buildings appear to have been erected around 1000. Thereafter, three major construction periods may be distinguished:

the castle built under the Salian kings respectively Holy Roman Emperors (1027–1125);
a new castle built under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254);
reconstruction of the Palas as well as various modifications and additions in the late medieval centuries.
The castle lost its importance after the Thirty Years' War (1618 to 1648). In the 19th century with its general interest in the medieval period, some modifications were added. During the Nazi period, in preparation of the Nuremberg party rally in 1936, it was "returned to its original state." A few years later, during World War II and its air raids in 1944/1945, a large part of the castle was laid in ruins. It took some thirty years to complete the rebuilding and restoration to its present state.

The usual access to the castle is via Burgstrasse ending in front of the sandstone ridge. A wide footpath leads into the outer courtyard through the Heavenly Gate (Himmelstor) situated next to the Hasenburg tower (named after the Bohemian Hasenburg family).

The Sinwell Tower built in the 2nd half of the 13th century was the major keep of the Castle. It is named after its cylindrical form: in Middle High German sinwell means perfectly round. In the 1560s, its height was increased by a further floor and a pavilion roof with a pointed helm.

The Deep Well (Tiefer Brunnen) inside the small half-timbered house in the middle of the courtyard is certainly as old as the castle itself, as it was the castle's only source of water. Its shaft reaches the water level in a depth of 50 meters (164 feet) and the water usually is 3 m (10 ft) deep. Above the water level, a niche was cut out of the rock for cleaning purposes. The lower stone walls of the building date from 1563. The little annex built in the following year was used as bathroom and changing room. The Deep Well provided sufficient quantities of water for normal consumption, but during Imperial Diets and visits by the Emperor, water barrels had to be transported on wagons from the city.

The Castellan's House (Kastellansgebäude), the Secretarial Building (Sekretariatsgebäude) and the Finance Building (Finanzstadel) as well as the post-medieval Himmelsstallung are further buildings in the outer court, to a large extent reconstructed after World War II.

The Inner Gate (Inneres Tor) leads to the Inner Courtyard (Innerer Burghof), surrounded by the Palas, the Imperial Chapel and the Kemenate. In the courtyard, remains of foundations of the Salian Period may be seen. In the middle, there is the Kunigunde Lime Tree planted in 1984, replacing older trees first mentioned in 1455 and named after Saint Cunigunde, consort of Emperor Henry II (Saint Henry).

The Palas, the main building of the Imperial Castle, has two floors which were used for official functions and as the Emperors residence. It was rebuilt and modified a number of times during the castle's history. It now houses the permanent exhibition »Emperor – Empire – City. The Imperial Castle in Nuremberg«.

The Imperial Chapel (Kaiserkapelle), from an architectural point of view, is the most important building on the castle rock. It was built around 1200, at the same time as the original Palas. It is a romanesque double chapel consisting of two chapels one above the other and connected only through an opening in the ceiling, thus representing the hierarchical levels in the medieval society.

The Heathens' Tower (Heidenturm) stands next to the Imperial Chapel. It was built at the same time as the Chapel. When the Castle was restored for the visit of Emperor Charles V, heathen idols and pictures on the tower were removed, meaning romanesque sculptures, and thus the tower's name in colloquial parlance subsists until today.

The Kemenate (Ladies' Building) originally was built during the Hohenstaufen period, but later replaced by a large four storeyed building. The present building was burned down in 1945 and later reconstructed. At present, it houses the ticket office, the small museum shop and a multimedia show about the building history of the Imperial Castle.

The Burgraves' Castle was situated on the area between the Sinwell Tower and the Luginsland, but after its destruction in 1420 and the purchase of its remains by the city, very little is left.

The Pentagonal Tower standing above the northern rock face is among the oldest buildings on the castle rock. It was the keep of the Burgraves' Castle. Its lower part made of ashlars may have been built at the same time as the Imperial Chapel. During later gothic times, a storey of brickwork was added.

The Walburga Chapel appears to have been built shortly thereafter. It was originally dedicated to Saint Othmar, but after the city purchased the ruins of Burgraves' Castle, it was rebuilt and dedicated to Saint Walpurga. Destroyed in World War II, it was reconstructed and opened to the public in 1970.

The Luginsland (literally look into the land) was built in 1377 near the main gate of the Burgraves' castle, in order to enable the city to monitor the activities inside the Burgraves' Castle, at a time when the relations between the city and the Burgraves had already deteriorated.

The Vestner Gate was the only exit from the castle to the north, at that time an open land.

The Imperial Stables were built as a granary in 1494 to 1495 by Hans Beheim the Elder, Nuremberg's most important architect at that time. The ground floor was also used as stables. Severely damaged in World War II, it was renovated and is now a Youth Hostel.

The Bastions were built in 1538 to 1545 in response to the progress in artillery which threatend the northern side of the castle. At about the same time, the fortifications of the city of Nuremberg as a whole were renewed and extended.

Archeological excavations within the castle unearthed remnants of walls dated around 1000, and in deeper strata even older ones that may be attributed to a building of Henry of Schweinfurt.

The first written record is of 1050, when Henry III issued the so-called Sigena document in Norenberc releasing a bondswoman. His father Conrad II, on voyages from Regensburg (Ratisbon) to Bamberg in 1025 and 1030, still had issued documents in Megelendorf, a small village some 4 km further to the east where the river Pegnitz could be crossed by a ford (presently Mögelsdorf, a district of Nuremberg). In the customary way, these documents indicate the place and date of their issuance, but do not contain any reference to the type of the place (e.g. castle, village etc.).

Henry III used the castle in his campaigns to extend his rule over Bohemia, Poland and Hungary. Henry IV, who had been the opponent of Pope Gregory VII in the Investiture Controversy, at the end of his reign, in 1105, had to endure that in his absence, after a siege lasting two months, the castle was taken by his son Henry V and that at the end of the same year he was forced by his son to abdicate.

Upon the death of Henry V in 1125, the last member of the Salian dynasty, his elected successor Lothair of Supplinburg attempted to seize the crown lands from the Hohenstaufen Frederick II, Duke of Swabia and his brother Conrad who considered all these lands, including Nuremberg Castle, to be part of the Salian family property inherited by them. After several sieges, Lothair succeeded in October 1130 in capturing the castle.

Upon Lothair's death in 1137, the Hohenstaufen Conrad was elected King Conrad III in the subsequent year and soon afterwards started to build a new Imperial Castle which appears to have been completed unter his reign. The new buildings comprised the Palas, the Imperial Chapel and the Heathens' Tower.

At about the same time, Conrad established the Burgraviate in order to ensure the safety of the castle in the absence of the king. Thus, the first burgraves from the Austrian House of Raabs built the Burgraves' Castle next to the Imperial Castle and were granted a substantial landholding in the vicinity.

Frederick I (Barbarossa) used the castle for a number of Diets and receptions, e.g. of a legation from the Eastern Roman Empire in 1156, but according to recent research, he did not contribute to the building of the Palace.

Henry VI apparently was engaged in various building activities related to the Palas, the Imperial Chapel and adjacent buildings.

After the last count of Raabs had died, his son-in-law Frederick of Zollern, in 1192, was granted the Burgraviate by Emperor Henry VI. The Zollerns, soon renamed Hohenzollern, held it until the Burgraves' Castle was destroyed and afterwards its ruins sold to the city of Nuremberg in 1427 (the Hohenzollerns, however, continued to administer their landholdings outside of Nuremberg).

Frederick II, on the occasion of his first diet at the Imperial Castle in 1219, granted the Great Letter of Freedom (Großer Freiheitsbrief) to the city, including town rights, Imperial immediacy (Reichsfreiheit), the privilege to mint coins, and an independent customs policy, making the city an Imperial Free City subject only to the Emperor. Frederick II also transferred various responsibilities for the care of the Imperial Castle to the city. This was the starting point not only of a remarkable development of the city, but also of a long dispute between the city and the Burgraves.

Frederick II stayed at the castle at least 16 times, and his son King Henry (VII) of Germany as many as 21 times. In 1224, on the first diet of thirteen year old King Henry (VII), Walther von der Vogelweide was on the guest list, and in 1225, Henry (VII) was married at the castle to Margaret of Babenberg, daughter of Duke Leopold VI of Austria.

Frederick II made his last visit to Germany in 1236 and returned to Italy in 1237 for the remaining thirteen years of his life, leaving the German affairs to his son Conrad IV.

The Interregnum ceased in 1273 with the election in Frankfurt of King Rudolf I, the first King of the Romans of the House of Habsburg. Immediately thereafter, Rudolf I attested a number of privileges to the Burgraves in consideration of their assistance in his election. Rudolf I held several diets at the Imperial Castle, and under his reign as well as under the reign of his successors Adolf of Nassau and Albert I of Habsburg, new buildings were added such as the Sinwell Tower, and works were executed on the Palas and the upper parts of the Chapel Tower (Heathens' Tower). During the same period, the Burgraves extended their adjacent castle.

Both the Burgraves and the city improved their positions in the surrounding lands. The city of Nuremberg prospered and became one of the most important towns in Germany. The Golden Bull of 1356 named Nuremberg as the place of the first Imperial Diet of a newly elected ruler. The Burgraves' rise to power reached its climax when King Sigismund transfered the Margraviate of Brandenburg to the Hohenzollern in 1411.

Thus, it was inevitable that the relations between the city and the Burgraves on the castle hill deteriorated significantly. In 1367, the city obstructed the Burgraves' access to the city by a wall in front of their castle, and in 1377, the city erected the Luginsland tower (literally look into the land) near the main gate of the Burgraves' castle, in order to control the activities inside the castle. In 1388/89, there was an armed conflict which was settled. Finally, the Burgraves' Castle was attacked in 1420 by Duke Louis VII of Bavaria and burned down, probably with the consent of the city. In 1422, Sigismund transferred the care of the Imperial Castle to the city, and in 1427, Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg sold the remains of the Burgraves' Castle to the city.

With the political and commercial rise of the city, the Imperial Castle became less attractive. Emperors started to execute their governmental acts in the town hall completed in 1340 and preferred to stay in the luxurious houses of the leading families rather than in the less comfortable castle. The castle continued to be used on important formal occasions. Frederick III appreciated the safety of the Castle and stayed there several months. The last king holding his first Imperial Diet in Nuremberg was his son Maximilian I. In 1491, he stayed at the castle for almost six months. His grandson and successor Charles V, because of epidemics raging at Nuremberg, relocated his first Imperial Diet to Worms. He visited Nuremberg only in 1541 on his way to the Imperial Diet in Regensburg.

At this time, in 1538 to 1545, bastions were built on the northern side of the castle to better protect it against an improved artillery, and the Castle was integrated in the renewed and improved fortifications of the city.

The subsequent Habsburg emperors concentrated on their territories mainly in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary. Thus, Nuremberg was rarely visited any more by acting rulers.

During the Thirty Years' War, in 1632, the armies of Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein appeared in front of the walled city, but were diminished less by their hostilities than by typhus and scurvy.

Neither the city nor the Castle fully recovered from the effects of the Thirty Years' War.

Since 1594, the Imperial Diet had met only in Regensburg. The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 not only ended the atrocities of the war, but led to the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg which from 1663 to 1806 seated in Regensburg. As a consequence, the Nuremberg Castle lost practically all of its importance and was left undisturbed by outside forces.

In 1806, during Napoleon's restructuring of central Europe, French troops occupied Nuremberg and, according to the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine (Rheinbundakte), handed it over to Bavaria, then raised to a kingdom.

In line with the Romantic Period's revived interest for medieval art and architecture, King Ludwig I of Bavaria, in 1833, ordered Carl Alexander Heideloff to execute restoration work, but the king was not pleased with his neo-Gothic style and stopped the work. His son Maximilian II later commissioned August von Voit to continue the refurbishment between 1852 and 1858 in a more moderate style.

In the 1930s, the general opinion of 19th century art and architecture had deteriorated. During the Third Reich, Rudolf Esterer, director of the Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes, removed most of the previous installations and returned the Castle to what was thought to be its original state.

In World War II, the castle was damaged in 1944-45, with only the Imperial Chapel and the Sinwell Tower remaining entirely intact. After the war, the castle was restored under the direction of Rudolf Esterer and Julius Lincke to its historical form, including the Luginsland tower which had been completely destroyed.

The Castle is owned by the state of Bavaria and administered by its Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes (Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen).

Nuremberg Castle

The palace was built from 1533 to 1544 as a garden palace for the Tucher family, one of the important patrician families in Nuremberg. Its peculiar exterior with the oriental-style turrets and the small oriel resting on an elephant-shaped base probably goes back to ideas of the merchant Lorenz Tucher, who had travelled to many places in the world. A number of valuable artworks and beautifully crafted pieces - loans from the Tucher family - can be seen inside: paintings by Michael Wolgemut, Hans Schäufelein, Nicolaus Neufchâtel and his pupils, Renaissance and Baroque furniture from various countries, including one of the rare cupboards by Peter Flötner, verre eglomisé from the workshop of Augustin Hirschvogel as well as the famous magnificent eight-piece crockery set commissioned by Linhard Tucher from Wenzel Jamnitzer, including glasses and tapestries. One section documents the history of the Nuremberg patricians. The Tucher Palace and the reconstructed Hirsvogel Hall with works by Peter Flötner and Georg Pencz, as well as the two linking gardens form a unique “Renaissance Island” in Nuremberg. History is brought to life in the theatre performance “Feine Gesellschaft” (Fine Society), which takes place during the winter months from October to May in the rooms of the Tucher Palace and the Hirsvogel Hall. The municipal theatre performs “Bettler und Patrizier” (Beggars and Patricians) along a tour through the town from the Tucher Palace to the Albrecht-Dürer-House during the summer months (June to September, subject to changes).


https://www.museen-in-bayern.de

Tucherschloss

The city walls of old city Nürnberg, in modern-day Nuremberg, are the defensive mechanism surrounding the city of Nuremberg, Germany. Construction started in the 12th Century and ended officially in the 16th Century, and they run for 5 kilometers (about 4 kilometers still standing) around the old town. The Nuremberg Castle together with the city wall is meant to be one of Europes most considerable medieval weir systems.

City walls of Nuremberg

Das Egloffsteinsche Palais (auch Palais Egloffstein) ist das größte barocke Adelspalais in Erlangen. Das Gebäude mit den Adressen Friedrichstraße 17 und Südliche Stadtmauerstraße 28 wurde 1718 erbaut und beherbergt heute die Volkshochschule der Stadt Erlangen sowie das Deutsch-Französische Institut Erlangen.

Beschreibung
Die durchweg zweigeschossige Vierflügelanlage aus unverputzten Sandsteinquadern liegt in der Erlanger Neustadt. Der Gebäudekomplex stellt den östlichen Kopfbau des Häuserblocks zwischen Friedrichstraße im Norden und Südlicher Stadtmauerstraße im Süden dar. Die drei Straßenflügel werden durch Walmdächer bedeckt. Mit einer Grundfläche von 30 × 63 Metern ist das Egloffsteiner Palais der größte der ehemaligen Adelssitze in Erlangen. Der vom Hof aus zugängliche vierte Flügel im Westen des Komplexes, der wohl anstelle eines Gartens errichtet wurde, enthielt früher Pferdestallungen und Wagenremisen.

Die östliche Front zur Schuhstraße hin weist 21 Fensterachsen auf, wobei die drei mittleren Achsen durch einen als Risalit gestalteten Saalbau mit Mansarddach betont werden. Die Ecken des im Obergeschoss etwas erhöhten Risalits sind mit Lisenen ausgezeichnet. Weitere Lisenen gliedern die jeweils dreiachsigen Eckabschnitte der Fassade, deren in Dreiergruppen angeordneten Fenster flache Rahmungen aufweisen. Mit Ausnahme der Eckabschnitte verläuft zwischen Erd- und Obergeschoss ein Gurtgesims.

Die Fassaden der Nord- und Südflügel des Palais weisen jeweils zehn Achsen auf und sind wie Eckzonen der östlichen Front an der Schuhstraße gegliedert. Axial besitzen diese Fassaden jeweils ein Korbbogen-Portal mit Bügelverdachung auf dorischen Pilastern und schmiedeeisernen Oberlicht. Die Südfront besitzt zudem an der rechten Eckachse einen Balkon auf Konsolvoluten, bei dem die Brüstung allerdings entfernt und die Balkontür zu einem Fenster hochgemauert wurde. August Gebessler vermutet aufgrund der „mit sparsamen Mittelen bewirkte[n], organische[n] Belebung der Hauptfront“, dass die Planung von einem der bedeutenderen Architekten Erlangens stammt.

Im Inneren ist vor allem der Festsaal im Obergeschoss des Saalbaus bemerkenswert, dessen bedeutende Stuckausstattung dem Bayreuther Meister Andrea Domenico Cadenazzi zugeschrieben wird und aus den Jahren 1720 bis 1725 stammt. Das ovale Deckenfeld des Saales zeigt als Flachrelief Apollo auf dem Sonnenwagen und die liegende Göttin Ceres, umgeben von reich motivierten Bandel- und Gitterwerk. Über den stirnseitigen Marmorkaminen befinden sich in dekorativen Wandfeldern Reliefbüsten römischer Kaiser unter Lambrequins. In den Ecken stehen Kandelaber aus Stuck, deren bewegter Aufbau mit Putti-Medaillons verziert ist. Einfache gefelderte Stuckdecken finden sich darüber hinaus in den Eingangshallen. Die übrige Stuckausstattung ist nicht mehr vorhanden.

Erhalten haben sich außerdem die Treppengeländer aus Holzbalustern und die Holzgalerie des Hofes mit gedrehten Balustern.

Geschichte
Das Egloffsteinsche Palais wurde 1718 für Carl Maximilian von Egloffstein am damaligen Stadtrand an der heutigen Friedrichstraße erbaut, an der sich in der Folge auch andere Adelsfamilien niederließen. 1723 erteilte der Markgraf von Bayreuth Egloffstein für das Haus die Befreiung von allen Lasten in Kriegs- und Friedenszeiten. Nach dem Tod von Carl Maximilian von Egloffstein im Jahr 1733 ging das Palais an seinen Neffen Albrecht Christoph über, der es aufgrund finanzieller Probleme bereits um 1739 an die markgräfliche Regierung verkaufte. Diese nutze das Gebäude für kurze Zeit zur Unterbringung der Erlanger Amtshauptmannschaft, bevor sie es 1745 im Tausch gegen ein Haus in Bayreuth der Universität Erlangen überließ, die dort die Einrichtung eines anatomisches Theaters, eines chemischen Laboratoriums und einer Sternwarte beabsichtigte. Aufgrund fehlender finanzieller Mittel konnten diese Pläne jedoch nicht umgesetzt werden. Nachdem die Universität keine passende Verwendung für das Egloffsteinsche Palais fand, verkaufte sie es 1749 für insgesamt 8000 Gulden an die Stadt Erlangen.

Im Vorderhaus an der Friedrichstraße richtete die Stadt 1750 ein Armen- und Arbeitshaus ein. Anlass hierfür war die Missernte des Jahres 1746 gewesen, die zu einer großen Not in den unteren sozialen Schichten geführt hatte. Gleichzeitig wurde im Hinterhaus an der südlichen Stadtmauerstraße ein Waisenhaus als Maßnahme gegen den Kinderbettel untergebracht. Nachdem das Armen- und Beschäftigungshaus bereits nach kurzer Zeit wieder eingegangen war, beschloss die Stadt das Anwesen zu teilen: Während das Waisenhaus im Rückgebäude weiter bestand, wurde der Gebäudeteil an der Friedrichstraße zusammen mit dem Saalbau an der Schuhstraße im Jahr 1763 für ca. 5100 Gulden an den Geheimrat und Freiherrn Johann Gustav Adolf Buirette von Oehlefeld verkauft, dessen Familie eine bedeutende Rolle in der Geschichte Erlangens im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert spielte. Nach dem Tod Johann Gustav Adolfs 1803 veräußerten seine Frau und sein Sohn Karl Ludwig das Haus an der Friedrichstraße an die beiden Kinder des Geheimrats Friedrich August von Ausin, ein Schwager Karl Ludwig Buirette von Oehlefelds. Ausin war Stadtpräsident und stand damit an der Spitze der Verwaltung Erlangens. Der Wert des Anwesens wurde 1815 auf 26.050 Gulden geschätzt. Ausins Sohn Alexander, der ab 1828 alleiniger Besitzer des Gebäudes an der Friedrichstraße war, verkaufte es 1836 an den Tabakfabrikanten Christoph Simmerlein aus Bruck, der das Haus zu einer Tabakfabrik umbaute. Seine Erben veräußerten das Anwesen schließlich 1860 an die Stadt Erlangen, womit beide Teile des Egloffsteinschen Palais wieder in einer Hand waren.

Das Rückgebäude blieb nach dem Verkauf des Vorderhauses an Buirette von Oehlefeld 1763 im Besitz der Stadt, die dort weiterhin ein Waisenhaus betrieb. Letzteres wurde 1776 mit dem vom Theologieprofessor Georg Friedrich Seiler gegründeten Armeninstitut verbunden, wodurch die etwa 60 bis 100 Kinder nun auch Elementarunterricht erhielten. 1783/84 wurde das zuvor nur eingeschossige Haus an der südlichen Stadtmauerstraße um einen Stock erhöht. Das Obergeschoss diente in der Folge als Wohnung. Aufgrund sinkender finanzieller Mittel wurde das Waisenhaus zusammen mit der Armenschule 1806 geschlossen und die Kinder zur Pflege an bürgerliche Familien gegeben, wodurch nun auch das Erdgeschoss vermietet werden konnte. Der bekannteste Bewohner dieser Zeit war der Dichter und Orientalist Friedrich Rückert, der mit seiner Familie zwischen ab Frühjahr 1832 im ersten Stock des ehemaligen Waisenhauses lebte. Zur Wohnung gehörte auch ein Garten auf der gegenüberliegenden Straßenseite an der damaligen Stadtmauer. Im Winter 1833/34 starben die Kinder Ernst und Luise im Egloffsteinschen Palais, deren Tod Rückert in den bekannten Kindertodtenliedern verarbeitete. 1837 zog die Landwirtschafts- und Gewerbeschule in das ehemalige Waisenhaus umzog, musste Rückert mit seiner Familie 1838 ausziehen. An ihn erinnert heute eine Gedenktafel an der Fassade des Hauses.

Nachdem die Stadt wieder in den Besitz des gesamten Egloffsteinschen Palais gekommen war, verblieb die Landwirtschafts- und Gewerbeschule zunächst im Rückgebäude, während im Vorderhaus an der Friedrichstraße von 1868 bis 1877 Teile des 6. Königlich Bayerischen Jägerbataillons unterkamen. Nach dessen Umzug in eine neue Kaserne diente das gesamte Gebäude ab 1877 zur Unterbringung der sechsstufigen Realschule, die aus der Landwirtschafts- und Gewerbeschule hervorgegangen war und 1924 verstaatlicht wurde. 1927 wurde die Schule in eine Oberrealschule mit vollwertigem Abitur umgewandelt. Die Räumlichkeiten im Egloffsteinschen Palais reichten bald nicht mehr aus, wodurch jahrelang Klassen in andere Schulen ausgelagert werden mussten. Erst ab 1954 konnte die Schule, die heute als Ohm-Gymnasium firmiert, einen Neubau im Süden Erlangens beziehen. Das Egloffsteinsche Palais indes beherbergte nach einer Renovierung ab 1958 die Erlanger Stadtbücherei, die aber bereits ab 1971 an ihren heutigen Standort in das Stutterheimsche Palais zog. Danach diente das Egloffsteinsche Palais bis 1998 als Sitz der staatlichen Fachoberschule, wobei erneut zahlreiche Klassen ausgelagert werden mussten.

Im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde das Egloffsteinsche Palais mehrfach umgestaltet und dabei auch die Fassade zur Schuhstraße hin verändert. Seit 1998 steht das Gebäude ausschließlich der Volkshochschule zur Verfügung. Bis auf den westlichen Flügel steht das gesamte Palais unter Denkmalschutz.

Egloffsteinsches Palais (Erlangen)

The Schloss Erlangen is a residence in Erlangen, built between 1700 and 1704 by George William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth. Work was initially led by Antonio della Porta and after his death in 1702 by Gottfried von Gedeler. It was the first baroque building built from scratch in Franconia.

Christian Ernst moved his third wife Margravine Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg into the Schloss in 1703 when it was still incomplete, giving it its initial name, the Elisabethenburg. Behind it was a 280 metre wide and 550 metre long garden with an orangery (completed in 1706), the Konkordienkirche (completed in 1706, now the Geological Institute), the Hugenottenbrunnen fountain, an equestrian statue and a now-lost Sylvan theater.

After a short time as a princely residence, the castle served as a widow's residence until the early 19th century. It suffered several fires in the 18th century and on 14 January 1814 a final serious fire broke out in a roof space filled with rubbish - it could not be extinguished since the temperature was -25 ° C and the water froze in the hoses and even once the water had been heated the syringes could not pump it high enough. The castle was completely destroyed and only its furniture was saved.

It was only rebuilt between 1821 and 1825, to plans by the university architect Friedrich Wilhelm Örtel with much flatter rooves than the original structure, and used to house the library of the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität. It was used as a reserve hospital during the First and Second World Wars and after 1945 it has only been used by the university.

Markgrafliches Schloss Erlangen

Die Burg Bertholdsdorf ist eine abgegangene mittelalterliche Höhenburg auf 386 m ü. NHN anstelle der Ortskirche Sankt Georg in Bertholdsdorf, einem heutigen Ortsteil der Gemeinde Windsbach im Landkreis Ansbach in Bayern.

Geschichte

Die Spornburg wurde 1294 erwähnt. Um 1296 kam ein Teil von Bertholdsdorf und die Burg an das Hochstift Eichstätt und ein Teil kam an den Burggrafen von Nürnberg. Die Freiherren von Seckendorff waren die letzten Besitzer von Bertholdsdorf und Burg, bis es 1597 die Markgrafen von Ansbach erwarben und dem Oberamt Windsbach unterstellten, welchem es 200 Jahre unterstand. Im Dreißigjährigen Krieg (1618–48) wurde die Burg zerstört.

Auf dem Areal der ehemaligen Burganlage befindet sich die heutige, vermutlich im 15. Jahrhundert als Wehrkirche angelegte Evangelisch-lutherische Pfarrkirche St. Georg mit terrassenförmig übereinander angelegten Stützmauern. Von der ehemaligen Burganlage sind nur Mauerreste und der Halsgraben erhalten. Das Pfarrhaus wurde 1734 von Johann David Steingruber aus dem Material der ehemaligen Burg erbaut sowie auch die Kirchhofmauer.